Addiction is commonly identified with habitual nonmedical self-administration of drugs. It is
usually defined by characteristics of intoxication or by characteristics of withdrawal …

Dopamine (DA) transmission is governed by processes that regulate release from axonal
boutons in the forebrain and the somatodendritic compartment in midbrain, and by …

Social behaviors are among the most important motivated behaviors. How dopamine (DA),
a" reward" signal, releases during social behaviors has been a topic of interest for decades …

Dopamine (DA) is a central monoamine neurotransmitter involved in many physiological
and pathological processes. A longstanding yet largely unmet goal is to measure DA …

Addictive drugs are habit-forming. Addiction is a learned behavior; repeated exposure to
addictive drugs can stamp in learning. Dopamine-depleted or dopamine-deleted animals …

The fundamental principle that unites addictive drugs appears to be that each enhances
synaptic dopamine by means that dissociate it from normal behavioral control, so that they …

Drug addiction can be conceptualized as a disturbance of behavior motivated by drug-
conditioned incentives. This abnormality has been explained by Incentive-Sensitization and …

Fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) has been used for over 20 years to study rapid
neurotransmission in awake and behaving animals. These experiments were first carried out …

Neurotransmitters are chemicals that are secreted by neurons and relay messages to target
cells. The goal of in vivo electrochemistry is to provide a real-time view of neurotransmitters …

Gonadal hormones contribute to the sexual differentiation of brain and behavior throughout
the lifespan, from initial neural patterning to “activation” of adult circuits. Sexual behavior is …