El Niño and Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is the most prominent year‐to‐year climate
fluctuation on Earth, alternating between anomalously warm (El Niño) and cold (La Niña) …

Extensive research has improved our understanding and forecast of the occurrence,
evolution and global impacts of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). However, ENSO …

Abstract The North Pacific Oscillation (NPO), an important mode of atmospheric variability, is
a crucial trigger for the development of El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) via the …

El Niño events differ substantially in their spatial pattern and intensity. Canonical Eastern
Pacific El Niño events have sea surface temperature anomalies that are strongest in the far …

The Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO), the dominant year-round pattern of monthly North
Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) variability, is an important target of ongoing research …

In this study, we reveal a marked enhanced impact of the early-spring Aleutian Low (AL) on
the following winter El Niño and Southern Oscillation (ENSO) after the late-1990s. This …

This study reveals that the impact of the spring North Pacific meridional mode (PMM) on the
following-winter El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) shows a continuing increase in the …

Abstract The Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), renowned as the dominant sea surface
temperature (SST) fluctuation in the North Pacific and extensively scrutinized for its …

The far-reaching impacts of central Pacific El Niño events on global climate differ
appreciably from those associated with eastern Pacific El Niño events. Central Pacific El …

Numerous studies demonstrated that the Pacific Meridional Mode (PMM) can excite Central
Pacific (CP) El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events and that the PMM is mostly a …