Pollution due to heavy metals is a global issue in recent years. Initially, there were fewer
contaminants, which has increased exponentially owing to rapid industrialization and …

Immobilization of enzymes on the transducer surface is a necessary and critical step in the
design of biosensors. An overview of the different immobilization techniques reported in the …

Many compounds (including heavy metals, HMs) used in different fields of industry and/or
agriculture act as inhibitors of enzymes, which, as consequence, are unable to bind the …

The use of porous silicon (PS) for biosensing applications is now emerging as it offers
desired properties such as better surface-volume ratio, tunable pore size, ease of …

Water and soil contamination represents a global environmental concern that severely
affects food and water security, leading to an increased interest in the detection of …

The critical performance factors such as selectivity, sensitivity, operational and storage
stability, and response time of electrochemical biosensors are governed mainly by the …

The emergence of unintentional poisoning and uncontrolled vector diseases have
contributed to sensor technologies development, leading to the more effective detection of …

Diverse classes of sensors have been developed over the past few decades for on-site
detections of heavy metals. Most of these sensor systems have exploited optical …

Soil enzymes (urease, invertase, acid and alkaline phosphatase) activity in the rhizosphere
of field-grown tomato plants were used to monitor the impact of soil amendments (SA) and …

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), which catalyzes the dephosphorylation process of proteins,
nucleic acids, and small molecules, can be found in a variety of tissues (intestine, liver …