The kidneys play a key role in maintaining total body homeostasis. The complexity of this
task is reflected in the unique architecture of the organ. Ureteral obstruction greatly affects …

The ATP–adenosine pathway functions as a key modulator of innate and adaptive immunity
within the tumour microenvironment. Consequently, multiple clinical strategies are being …

Under physiological conditions, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is present at low levels in the
extracellular milieu, being massively released by stressed or dying cells. Once outside the …

Seven P2X ion channel nucleotide receptor subtypes have been cloned and characterised.
P2X7 receptors (P2X7R) are unusual in that there are extra amino acids in the intracellular …

Inflammation significantly contributes to the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD).
Inflammasome-dependent cytokines, such as IL-1β and IL-18, play a role in CKD, but their …

Tissue injury initiates an inflammatory response through the actions of immunostimulatory
molecules referred to as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). DAMPs …

The NLRP3 inflammasome is an intracellular platform that converts the pro‐inflammatory
cytokines interleukin (IL)‐1β and IL‐18 to their active forms in response to 'danger'signals …

Renal inflammation is a universal response to infectious and noninfectious triggers. Sensors
of the innate immune system, such as Toll-like receptors or RIG-like receptors, provide …

P2X receptors are membrane cation channels gated by extracellular ATP. Seven P2X
receptor subunits (P2X1-7) are widely distributed in excitable and nonexcitable cells of …

ATP and its ultimate degradation product adenosine are potent extracellular signalling
molecules that elicit a variety of pathophysiological functions in the kidney through the …