The role of colours and colour patterns in behavioural ecology has been extensively studied
in a variety of contexts and taxa, while almost overlooked in many others. For decades …

Birds display a rainbow of eye colours, but this trait has been little studied compared with
plumage coloration. Avian eye colour variation occurs at all phylogenetic scales: it can be …

The timecourse and extent of changes in pupil area in response to light are reviewed in all
classes of vertebrate and cephalopods. Although the speed and extent of these responses …

External eye appearance in avian taxa has been proposed to be driven by social and
ecological functions. Recent research in primates suggests, instead, that, photoprotective …

The iris of the eye shows striking color variation across vertebrate species, and may play
important roles in crypsis and communication. The domestic pigeon (Columba livia) has …

Attending to where others are looking is thought to be of great adaptive benefit for animals
when avoiding predators and interacting with group members. Many animals have been …

Strong selection pressures are known to act on animal coloration. Although many animals
vary in eye colour, virtually no research has investigated the functional significance of these …

Iris patterns in the animal kingdom are incredibly variable, with anurans having some of the
most diverse and intricate patterns. Although the shape and colouration of anuran eyes …

The genus Raorchestes is a large radiation of Old World tree frogs for which the Western
Ghats in Peninsular India is the major center for origin and diversification. Extensive studies …

Background Human populations and breeds of domestic animals are composed of
individuals with a multiplicity of eye (= iris) colorations. Some wild birds and mammals may …