Downregulating programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD‐L1) protein levels in tumor cells is an
effective way to achieve immune system activation for oncology treatment, but current …

Silicon surfaces with termination of hydrogen (H–Si), quartz, native silicon (native-Si), and
chemically deposited (Au–Si) cd and sputtered gold (Au–Si) s were fabricated with …

Enzyme activity is the basis for many biosensors where a catalytic event is used to detect the
presence and amount of a biomolecule of interest. To create a practical point-of-care …

The molecular mechanism of denaturing ability of urea is still a subject of considerable
debate due to two opposing mechanisms: direct and indirect. In the direct mechanism, urea …

Hydration layers play a key role in many technical and biological systems, but our
understanding of these structures remains very limited. Here, we investigate the molecular …

Water clustering structures are considered to play key roles in various temperature-
dependent life activities. However, our fundamental understanding of the temperature …

The individual and collective structure and properties of biomolecules can change
dramatically when they are localized at an interface. However, the small spatial extent of …

Functional enzymes are the basis for many biotechnological systems, including biosensors,
bio-fuel cells, and heterogeneous biocatalysts. In these systems, enzymes are often …