During the past 40 years, cytokines and cytokine receptors have been extensively
investigated as either cancer targets or cancer treatments. A strong preclinical rationale …

Cytokines are critical in regulating immune responses and cellular behavior, playing dual
roles in both normal physiology and the pathology of diseases such as cancer. These …

Monoclonal antibodies constitute a promising class of targeted anticancer agents that
enhance natural immune system functions to suppress cancer cell activity and eliminate …

Expansion and differentiation of antigen-experienced PD-1+ TCF-1+ stem-like CD8+ T cells
into effector cells is critical for the success of immunotherapies based on PD-1 blockade …

Preclinical studies of the T cell growth factor activity of IL-2 resulted in this cytokine
becoming the first immunotherapy to be approved nearly 30 years ago by the US Food and …

Melanoma is the most lethal skin cancer that originates from the malignant transformation of
melanocytes. Although melanoma has long been regarded as a cancerous malignancy with …

Genetic engineering of allogeneic cell therapeutics that fully prevents rejection by a
recipient's immune system would abolish the requirement for immunosuppressive drugs or …

CD8+ T cell-mediated cancer clearance is often suppressed by the interaction between
inhibitory molecules like PD-1 and PD-L1, an interaction acts like brakes to prevent T cell …

Abstract Interleukin-2 (IL-2) and its receptor (IL-2R) are essential in orchestrating immune
responses. Their function and expression in the tumor microenvironment make them …

Background The cytokine interleukin-2 (IL-2) can stimulate both effector immune cells and
regulatory T (Treg) cells. The ability of selectively engaging either of these effects has …