Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide. In many cases, the treatment of the disease is
limited due to the metastasis of cells to distant locations of the body through the blood and …

The RAS-ERK pathway is a fundamental signaling cascade crucial for many biological
processes including proliferation, cell cycle control, growth, and survival; common across all …

Cancer immunity is subjected to spatiotemporal regulation by leukocyte interaction with
neoplastic and stromal cells, contributing to immune evasion and immunotherapy …

The mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in mammals include c-Jun NH 2-terminal
kinase (JNK), p38 MAPK, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). These enzymes …

The genomic simplicity of differentiated cancers derived from thyroid follicular cells offers
unique insights into how oncogenic drivers impact tumour phenotype. Essentially, the main …

The basement membrane is an important extracellular matrix that is found in all epithelial
and endothelial tissues. It maintains tissue integrity, serves as a barrier to cells and to …

Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a program wherein epithelial cells lose their
junctions and polarity while acquiring mesenchymal properties and invasive ability …

Compelling evidence has demonstrated that macroautophagy/autophagy plays an important
role in regulating multiple steps of metastatic cascades; however, the precise role of …

Background Transmembrane serine protease 4 (TMPRSS4) is a cell surface–anchored
serine protease. Elevated expression of TMPRSS4 correlates with poor prognosis in …

Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a reversible cellular process, characterized by
changes in gene expression and activation of proteins, favoring the trans-differentiation of …