Many different gas discharges and plasmas exhibit bistable states under a given set of
conditions, and the history-dependent hysteresis that is manifested by intensive quantities of …

The European DEMO is a pulsed device with pulse length of 2 hours. The functions devoted
to the heating and current drive system are: plasma breakdown, plasma ramp-up to the flat …

Negative ion sources for fusion are high densities plasma sources in large discharge
volumes. There are many challenges in the modeling of these sources, due to numerical …

In this paper we look at the technological constraints of neutral beam injection (NBI) systems
and compare them with the functional requirements that NBI has in the various envisaged …

In the next generation of fusion reactors, such as DEMO, neutral beam injectors (NBIs) of
high energy (0.8-1 MeV) deuterium atoms with high wall-plug efficiency (> 50%) will be …

Advances in laser technology over the past 25 years have been impressive, in particular, for
the Ytterbium technology where, nowadays, kilowatt-class laser systems are available. This …

Neutral beam injection is one of the most important methods of plasma heating in
thermonuclear fusion experiments, allowing the attainment of fusion conditions as well as …

Photo-neutralization of negative ions (H-/D-) is now regarded as a promising technique to
increase the efficiency of neutral beam heating systems in future fusions reactors. In a gas or …

Negative ions are characterized in the helicon plasma source resonant antenna ion device
(RAID) at the Swiss plasma center by means of cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) and …

Abstract A recent US National Academy study recommended the development of a next step
Sustained High Power Density (SHPD) facility within the US as an intermediate step in …