Tumors are not only aggregates of malignant cells but also well-organized complex
ecosystems. The immunological components within tumors, termed the tumor immune …

Abstract The international American Joint Committee on Cancer/Union for International
Cancer Control (AJCC/UICC) tumour-node-metastasis (TNM) staging system provides the …

Conventional immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a widely used diagnostic technique in tissue
pathology. However, this technique is associated with a number of limitations, including high …

Importance PD-L1 (programmed cell death ligand 1) immunohistochemistry (IHC), tumor
mutational burden (TMB), gene expression profiling (GEP), and multiplex …

Our understanding of the biology and management of human disease has undergone a
remarkable evolution in recent decades. Improved understanding of the roles of complex …

INTRODUCTION New therapies have been designed to stimulate the host's immune system
to fight cancer. Despite these exciting, recent successes, a large proportion of patients still …

PURPOSE Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is an aggressive skin cancer often caused by the
Merkel cell polyomavirus. Clinical trials of programmed cell death-1 pathway inhibitors for …

PURPOSE Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare, aggressive skin cancer commonly driven
by the Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV). The programmed death-1 (PD-1)/programmed …

Tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) consists of intra-tumor immunological components
and plays a significant role in tumor initiation, progression, metastasis, and response to …

Background Immune checkpoint inhibitors have revolutionized cancer therapeutic paradigm
and substantially improved the survival of patients with advanced malignancies. However, a …