Normal cells explore multiple states to survive stresses encountered during development
and self-renewal as well as environmental stresses such as starvation, DNA damage, toxins …

Driver mutations promote initiation and progression of cancer. Pharmacological treatment
can inhibit the action of the mutant protein; however, drug resistance almost invariably …

Protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) are a class of proteins with tyrosine kinase activity that
phosphorylate tyrosine residues of critical molecules in signaling pathways. Their basal …

Hypoxia, a hallmark of solid tumors, determines the selection of invasive and aggressive
malignant clones displaying resistance to radiotherapy, conventional chemotherapy or …

Despite the exceptional progress in breast cancer pathogenesis, prognosis, diagnosis, and
treatment strategies, it remains a prominent cause of female mortality worldwide …

Simple Summary Despite recent therapeutic advances against cancer, many patients do not
respond well or respond poorly, to treatment and develop resistance to more than one anti …

It is well established that multifactorial drug resistance hinders successful cancer treatment.
Tumor cell interactions with the tumor microenvironment (TME) are crucial in epithelial …

Abstract P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is a drug efflux transporter that triggers doxorubicin (DOX)
resistance. In this review, we highlight the molecular avenues regulating P-gp, such as Nrf2 …

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nano-sized, membranous structures secreted into the
extracellular space. They exhibit diverse sizes, contents, and surface markers and are …

Since 1984, when paclitaxel was approved by the FDA for the treatment of advanced
ovarian carcinoma, taxanes have been widely used as microtubule-targeting antitumor …