Recent global temperature reconstructions for the current interglacial period (the Holocene,
beginning 11,700 years ago) have generated contrasting trends. This Review examines …

A large scholarship currently holds that before the onset of anthropogenic global warming,
natural climatic changes long provoked subsistence crises and, occasionally, civilizational …

This chapter assesses simulations of future global climate change, spanning time horizons
from the near term (2021–2040), mid-term (2041–2060), and long term (2081–2100) out to …

In the last decade, there has been a growing body of literature addressing the utilization of
complex network methods for the characterization of dynamical systems based on time …

Multidecadal surface temperature changes may be forced by natural as well as
anthropogenic factors, or arise unforced from the climate system. Distinguishing these …

Climatic changes during the first half of the Common Era have been suggested to play a role
in societal reorganizations in Europe 1, 2 and Asia 3, 4. In particular, the sixth century …

The Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) is a system of ocean currents that
has an essential role in Earth's climate, redistributing heat and influencing the carbon cycle …

Holocene glacier records from the western European Alps are still sparse, although a
number of sites are well suited to constraining pre-and early-Little Ice Age (LIA) glacier …

This chapter assesses the causes of observed changes assessed in Chapters 2 to 5 and
uses understanding of physical processes, climate models and statistical approaches. The …

In the fourteenth century the Old World witnessed a series of profound and abrupt changes
in the trajectory of long-established historical trends. Transcontinental networks of exchange …