The synthesis of nucleobases in natural environments, especially in interstellar molecular
clouds, is the focus of a long-standing debate regarding prebiotic chemical evolution. Here …

Medicine has utilised plant‐based treatments for millennia, but precisely how they work is
unclear. One approach is to use a thermodynamic viewpoint that life arose by dissipating …

It has been implicitly assumed that ices on grains in molecular clouds and protoplanetary
disks are formed by homogeneous layers regardless of their composition or crystallinity. To …

Systematic enrichments of l-amino acids in meteorites is a strong indication that biological
homochirality originated beyond Earth. Although still unresolved, stellar UV circularly …

The activation energies for desorption (E des) and for surface diffusion (E sd) of adsorbed
molecules on dust grains are two of the most important parameters for the chemistry in the …

Infrared multiple‐angle incidence resolution spectrometry (IR‐MAIRS) is a recently
developed spectroscopic technique that combines oblique incidence transmission …

The importance of the activation energy of surface diffusion (E sd) of adsorbed molecules on
amorphous solid water (ASW) has been widely discussed in terms of chemical reactions on …

We propose a novel method for analyzing the crystallization process from supercooled water
droplets. The method, which is based on nucleation theory, simultaneously evolves …

Comets represent some of the most pristine bodies in our solar system and can provide a
unique insight into the chemical makeup of the early solar system. Due to their icy volatile …

The crystallinity and morphology of solid carbon monoxide (CO) on icy interstellar grains
were examined by observing the deposition, crystallization, and UV and electrons irradiation …