This manuscript presents practical recommendations for managing acute attacks and
implementing preventive immunotherapies for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders …

Anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibodies (MOG-Abs) were first detected
by immunoblot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay nearly 30 years ago, but their …

Background Satralizumab, a humanised monoclonal antibody targeting the interleukin-6
receptor, reduced the risk of relapse in patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder …

Background Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is an autoimmune disease of
the central nervous system and is associated with autoantibodies to anti–aquaporin-4 …

Background Azathioprine is used as a first-line treatment to prevent relapses of
neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD). Tocilizumab has been reported to reduce …

B cells are essential components of the adaptive immune system and have important roles
in the pathogenesis of several central nervous system (CNS) diseases. Besides producing …

The 2010 McDonald criteria for the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis are widely used in
research and clinical practice. Scientific advances in the past 7 years suggest that they might …

Autoantibodies are frequently observed in healthy individuals. In a minority of these
individuals, they lead to manifestation of autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis …

Astrocytes form borders (glia limitans) that separate neural from non-neural tissue along
perivascular spaces, meninges and tissue lesions in the CNS. Transgenic loss-of-function …

Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is a rare autoimmune disorder that
preferentially affects the spinal cord and optic nerve. Most patients with NMOSD experience …