Covering: 2011–2022 The low amounts of terpenoids produced in plants and the difficulty in
synthesizing these complex structures have stimulated the production of terpenoid …

QS-21 is a potent vaccine adjuvant and remains the only saponin-based adjuvant that has
been clinically approved for use in humans,. However, owing to the complex structure of QS …

Taxol is a potent drug used in various cancer treatments. Its complex structure has prompted
extensive research into its biosynthesis. However, certain critical steps, such as the …

The aging process entails a multifaceted decline in the capacity to restore homeostasis in
response to stress. A prevalent characteristic of many age-related diseases is the presence …

Synthetic biology efforts for the production of valuable chemicals are frequently hindered by
the structure and regulation of the native metabolic pathways of the chassis. This is …

Diterpenoids display a large and structurally diverse class of natural compounds mainly
found as specialized plant metabolites. Due to their diverse biological functions they …

Engineered yeast are an important production platform for the biosynthesis of high-value
compounds with medical applications. Recent years have witnessed several new …

Cellular membranes, predominantly described as a dynamic bilayer, are composed of
different lipids, transmembrane proteins, and carbohydrates. Most research on biological …

Biosynthesis of steviol glycosides in planta proceeds via two cytochrome P450 enzymes
(CYPs): kaurene oxidase (KO) and kaurenoic acid hydroxylase (KAH). KO and KAH function …

Diterpenes, or diterpenoids, are the most abundant and diverse subgroup of terpenoids, the
largest family of secondary metabolites. Most diterpenes possess broad biological activities …