Fatigue is one of the most common symptoms in multiple sclerosis (MS), with a major impact
on patients' quality of life. Currently, treatment proceeds by trial and error with limited …

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) comprises a group of neurodevelopmental disorders
characterized by social deficits and stereotyped behaviors. While several theories have …

Multimodal astrocyte–neuron communications govern brain circuitry assembly and function.
For example, through rapid glutamate release, astrocytes can control excitability, plasticity …

Over the past 20 years, neuroscience research on reward-based learning has converged on
a canonical model, under which the neurotransmitter dopamine 'stamps in'associations …

Dopamine (DA) is the most important catecholamine in the brain, as it is the most abundant
and the precursor of other neurotransmitters. Degeneration of nigrostriatal neurons of …

Combining rabies-virus tracing, optical clearing (CLARITY), and whole-brain light-sheet
imaging, we mapped the monosynaptic inputs to midbrain dopamine neurons projecting to …

Schizophrenia is a leading cause of global disability. Current pharmacotherapy for the
disease predominantly uses one mechanism—dopamine D2 receptor blockade—but often …

Dopamine neurons are thought to encode novelty in addition to reward prediction error (the
discrepancy between actual and predicted values). In this study, we compared dopamine …

Regular drug use can lead to addiction, but not everyone who takes drugs makes this
transition. How exactly drugs of abuse interact with individual vulnerability is not fully …

The brain is wired to predict future outcomes. Experience-dependent plasticity at excitatory
synapses within dopamine neurons of the ventral tegmental area, a key region for a broad …