Pupil size is a widely used metric of brain state. It is one of the few signals originating from
the brain that can be readily monitored with low-cost devices in basic science, clinical, and …

Cortical activity is constantly fluctuating between distinct spatiotemporal activity patterns
denoted by changes in brain state. States of cortical desynchronization arise during motor …

Background Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (tVNS) has emerged as a promising
technique to modulate autonomic functions, and pupil dilation has been recognized as a …

Fluctuations in global arousal are key determinants of spontaneous cortical activity and
function. Several subcortical structures, including neuromodulator nuclei like the locus …

Neuronal connections provide the scaffolding for neuronal function. Revealing the
connectivity of functionally identified individual neurons is necessary to understand how …

The neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) is essential in both the central and peripheral
nervous systems. Recent studies highlight the significance of interactions between ACh and …

In the hippocampal formation, cholinergic modulation from the medial septum/diagonal band
of Broca (MSDB) is known to correlate with the speed of an animal's movements at sub …