Scientists have long predicted large-scale responses of infectious diseases to climate
change, giving rise to a polarizing debate, especially concerning human pathogens for …

Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration is expected to exceed 500 parts per million and
global temperatures to rise by at least 2° C by 2050 to 2100, values that significantly exceed …

Plastic waste can promote microbial colonization by pathogens implicated in outbreaks of
disease in the ocean. We assessed the influence of plastic waste on disease risk in 124,000 …

Background Although mounting evidence has associated air pollution and environmental
temperature with children's health problems, it is unclear whether there is an interaction …

Molluscs comprise the second largest phylum of animals (after arthropods), occurring in
virtually all habitats. Some are commercially important, a few are pests and some carry …

This paper is the result of an international initiative and is a first attempt to develop
guidelines for the care and welfare of cephalopods (ie nautilus, cuttlefish, squid and …

Mangrove ecosystems are threatened by climate change. We review the state of knowledge
of mangrove vulnerability and responses to predicted climate change and consider …

Benefits of increased size and functional specialization of cells have repeatedly promoted
the evolution of multicellular organisms from unicellular ancestors. Many requirements for …

Over the last decade, significant advances have been made in characterization of the coral
microbiota. Shifts in its composition often correlate with the appearance of signs of diseases …

Recreational diving and snorkeling on coral reefs is one of the fastest growing tourism
sectors globally. Damage associated with intensive recreational tourist use has been …