Cheating is a focal concept in the study of mutualism, with the majority of researchers
considering cheating to be both prevalent and highly damaging. However, current …

Predator–prey interactions are critical in ecological communities, but it is increasingly clear
that a predator's effect goes beyond eating prey. Fear of predators may also alter the …

Cleaning symbiosis has been documented extensively in the marine environment over the
past 50 years. We estimate global cleaner diversity comprises 208 fish species from 106 …

Ecosystem-based management on coral reefs has historically focused on biodiversity
conservation through the establishment of marine reserves, but it is increasingly recognised …

Background Cleaning symbioses are captivating interspecific interactions in which a cleaner
fish removes ectoparasites from its client, contributing to the health and diversity of natural …

Coral reef ecosystems are declining worldwide and under foreseeable threat due to climate
change, resulting in significant changes in reef communities. It is unknown, however, how …

Market-like situations emerge in nature when trading partners exchange goods and
services. However, how partner choice option contributes to the expression of social …

Millions of marine ornamental fishes are traded every year. Today, over half of the known
nearly 4000 coral reef fish species are in trade with poor or no monitoring and demand is …

Aim Several drivers explain the global distribution of all reef fish. However, whether these
drivers also explain the distribution and traits of a functional subgroup involving cleaner …

Cleaner fishes remove and consume ectoparasites and are often categorized by whether
they perform this behavior:(1) predominately as juveniles,(2) facultatively throughout …