Cheating is a focal concept in the study of mutualism, with the majority of researchers
considering cheating to be both prevalent and highly damaging. However, current …

Predator–prey interactions are critical in ecological communities, but it is increasingly clear
that a predator's effect goes beyond eating prey. Fear of predators may also alter the …

Cleaning symbiosis has been documented extensively in the marine environment over the
past 50 years. We estimate global cleaner diversity comprises 208 fish species from 106 …

Ecosystem-based management on coral reefs has historically focused on biodiversity
conservation through the establishment of marine reserves, but it is increasingly recognised …

Coral reef ecosystems are declining worldwide and under foreseeable threat due to climate
change, resulting in significant changes in reef communities. It is unknown, however, how …

Millions of marine ornamental fishes are traded every year. Today, over half of the known
nearly 4000 coral reef fish species are in trade with poor or no monitoring and demand is …

Market-like situations emerge in nature when trading partners exchange goods and
services. However, how partner choice option contributes to the expression of social …

Identifying critical aggregation sites and behavioral patterns of imperiled species contributes
to filling knowledge gaps essential for their conservation. Manta rays present a prominent …

Cleaning interactions are textbook examples of mutualisms. On coral reefs, most fishes
engage in cooperative interactions with cleaners fishes, where they benefit from …

Cleaner fishes remove and consume ectoparasites and are often categorized by whether
they perform this behavior:(1) predominately as juveniles,(2) facultatively throughout …