Tip** elements are components of the Earth system which may respond nonlinearly to
anthropogenic climate change by transitioning toward substantially different long‐term …

Climate tip** elements are large-scale subsystems of the Earth that may transgress critical
thresholds (tip** points) under ongoing global warming, with substantial impacts on the …

BACKGROUND Although the ocean moderates anthropogenic climate change, this has
great impacts on its fundamental physics and chemistry, with important consequences for …

The reasons for concern framework communicates scientific understanding about risks in
relation to varying levels of climate change. The framework, now a cornerstone of the IPCC …

Anomalously high water temperatures, associated with climate change, are increasing the
global prevalence of coral bleaching, coral diseases, and coral-mortality events. Coral …

STEVEN W. PURCELL1, CHANTAL CONAND2, SVEN UTHICKE3 & MARIA
BYRNE41National Marine Science Centre, Southern Cross University, Coffs Harbour …

We assess climate impacts of global warming using ongoing observations and paleoclimate
data. We use Earth's measured energy imbalance, paleoclimate data, and simple …

Climate change will have far-reaching impacts on biodiversity, including increasing
extinction rates. Current approaches to quantifying such impacts focus on measuring …

Coastal ecosystems, particularly intertidal wetlands and reefs (coral and shellfish), can play
a critical role in reducing the vulnerability of coastal communities to rising seas and coastal …

Ocean ecosystems have responded and will continue to respond to climate changes of
different rates, magnitudes, and durations (virtually certain). Human societies depend on …