The twenty-first century has witnessed a wave of severe infectious disease outbreaks, not
least the COVID-19 pandemic, which has had a devastating impact on lives and livelihoods …

In the 20th century, the development, licensing and implementation of vaccines as part of
large, systematic immunization programs started to address health inequities that existed …

Biomathematics has become one of the most significant areas of research as a result of
interdisciplinary study. Chronic diseases sometimes referred to as non-communicable and …

Vaccination has made an enormous contribution to global health. Two major infections,
smallpox and rinderpest, have been eradicated. Global coverage of vaccination against …

Recent pandemics, including the COVID-19 outbreak, have brought up growing concerns
about transmission of zoonotic diseases from animals to humans. This highlights the …

In the modern era, the consumption of antibiotics represents a revolutionary weapon against
several infectious diseases, contributing to the saving of millions of lives worldwide …

Many infectious diseases are thought to have emerged in humans after the Neolithic
revolution. Although it is broadly accepted that this also applies to measles, the exact date of …

In the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases, mRNA vaccines hold great promise
because of their low risk of insertional mutagenesis, high potency, accelerated development …

Many pathogens persist in multihost systems, making the identification of infection reservoirs
crucial for devising effective interventions. Here, we present a conceptual framework for …

Simple Summary Animals provide food and other critical resources to much of the global
population. Transboundary animal diseases are highly contagious or transmissible …