Lyme disease is the most commonly reported vector-borne disease in North America and
Europe, yet we know little about which components of the causative agent, Borrelia …

The spirochetes are free-living or host-associated, helical bacteria, some of which are
pathogenic to man and animal. Comparisons of 16S rRNA sequences demonstrate that the …

Borrelia burgdorferi undergoes differential gene expression during transmission from its tick
vector to a vertebrate host. The addition of blood to a spirochete culture at 35° C for 48 h had …

M cells, the key players of the mucosal immunity induction, are one of the intestinal barriers
for the efficient delivery of vaccines to mucosal immune tissues. To overcome the barrier, we …

Antibiotics are used in livestock and poultry production to treat and prevent disease as well
as to promote animal growth. Carbadox is an in-feed antibiotic that is widely used in swine …

The regeneration of NAD was carried out with an NADH oxidase from the gram-positive
bacterium Lactobacillus brevis DSM 20 054. High levels of this enzyme are produced by L …

Swine dysentery is a severe enteric disease in pigs, which is characterized by bloody to
mucoid diarrhea and associated with reduced growth performance and variable mortality …

Aspects of the biology of T. pallidum subsp. pallidum, the agent of syphilis, are examined in
the context of a century of experimental studies and the recently determined genome …

Brachyspira hyodysenteriae is an anaerobic intestinal spirochete that colonizes the large
intestine of pigs and causes swine dysentery, a disease of significant economic importance …

Swine dysentery (SD) is a mucohemorrhagic colitis affecting pigs primarily during the grow-
finish period. The disease can be severe and may cause significant economic loss. SD has …