Immune responses to antigens, including innocuous, self, tumor, microbial, and vaccine
antigens, differ between males and females. The quest to uncover the mechanisms for …

Sexual dimorphism refers to differences between biological sexes that extend beyond
sexual characteristics. In humans, sexual dimorphism in the immune response has been …

Background Insulin resistance (IR) is one of the major hallmark for pathogenesis and
etiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). IR is directly interlinked with various …

Autoimmune diseases are a range of diseases in which the immune response to self-
antigens results in damage or dysfunction of tissues. Autoimmune diseases can be systemic …

Males and females differ in both parasite load and the strength of immune responses and
these effects have been verified in humans and other vertebrates. Sex hormones act as …

This article is part of a Special Issue “Neuroendocrine-Immune Axis in Health and Disease.”
During pregnancy, it is evolutionarily advantageous for inflammatory immune responses that …

Pregnancy involves a complex interplay between maternal neuroendocrine and
immunological systems in order to establish and sustain a growing fetus. It is thought that the …

Progesterone is well known for its numerous endocrinologic roles in pregnancy but is also
endowed with fascinating immunomodulatory capabilities. It can downregulate the induction …

Maternal-fetal immune-tolerance occurs throughout the whole gestational trimester, thus a
mother can accept a genetically distinct fetus without immunological aggressive behavior …

Chronic inflammation is a key feature of insulin resistance and obesity. Toll‐Like Receptor 4
(TLR4), involved in modulating innate immunity, is an important mediator of insulin …