Many proteins and protein segments cannot attain a single stable three-dimensional
structure under physiological conditions; instead, they adopt multiple interconverting …

Over the past decade, we have observed a massive increase in the amount of information
describing protein sequences from a variety of organisms. 1, 2 While this may reflect the …

Angiogenesis is involved in physiological and pathological processes in the body. Tumor
angiogenesis is a key factor associated with tumor growth, progression, and metastasis …

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is an increasing world health problem. Traditional risk factors
fail to account for all deaths from CVD. It is mainly the environmental, dietary and lifestyle …

Hormesis is a term used by toxicologists to refer to a biphasic dose–response to an
environmental agent characterized by a low dose stimulation or beneficial effect and a high …

Many diseases appear to be caused by the misregulation of protein maintenance. Such
diseases of protein homeostasis, or “proteostasis,” include loss-of-function diseases (cystic …

Abstract About 10% to 15% of the nuclear genes of eukaryotic organisms encode
mitochondrial proteins. These proteins are synthesized in the cytosol and recognized by …

The understanding of macrophages and their pathophysiological role has dramatically
changed within the last decades. Macrophages represent a very interesting cell type with …

Cadmium is an important toxic environmental heavy metal. Occupational and environmental
pollution with cadmium results mainly from mining, metallurgy industry and manufactures of …

Protein folding is a complex, error-prone process that often results in an irreparable protein
by-product. These by-products can be recognized by cellular quality control machineries …