Peptide drug development has made great progress in the last decade thanks to new
production, modification, and analytic technologies. Peptides have been produced and …

Over the past 16 years, genetic code expansion and reprogramming in living organisms has
been transformed by advances that leverage the unique properties of pyrrolysyl-tRNA …

The ability to genetically encode noncanonical amino acids (ncAAs) has empowered
proteins with improved or previously unknown properties. However, existing strategies in …

Nature uses a limited, conservative set of amino acids to synthesize proteins. The ability to
genetically encode an expanded set of building blocks with new chemical and physical …

Since the establishment of site-specific mutagenesis of single amino acids to interrogate
protein function in the 1970s, biochemists have sought to tailor protein structure in the native …

Our understanding of the complex molecular processes of living organisms at the molecular
level is growing exponentially. This knowledge, together with a powerful arsenal of tools for …

Over the past two decades, genetic code expansion (GCE)-enabled methods for
incorporating noncanonical amino acids (ncAAs) into proteins have significantly advanced …

The conversion of life-threatening viruses into live but avirulent vaccines represents a
revolution in vaccinology. In a proof-of-principle study, we expanded the genetic code of the …

Genetic code expansion allows unnatural (non-canonical) amino acid incorporation into
proteins of interest by repurposing the cellular translation machinery. The development of …

Site-specific incorporation of unnatural amino acids (UAAs) with similar incorporation
efficiency to that of natural amino acids (NAAs) and low background activity is extremely …