The inner walls of the drinking water distribution system (DWDS) are expected to be clean to
ensure a safe quality of drinking water. Complex physical, chemical, and biological …

Typically, computer-based tools built on mathematical models define the time-series
behavior of contaminants, in dissolved or colloidal form, within the spatial boundaries of …

Applying mechanistic water quality analysis models that are proficient at simulating the
dynamics of heterotrophic bacteria within distribution pipes is a pragmatic approach to …

The tee structure is an integral part of the water distribution system, and pollutants diffuse in
complex ways within the structure. In this paper, the diffusion pattern of contaminants in the …

Modelling and assessing water quality parameters in water distribution networks is essential
for providing safe drinking water to end users. While simulation-based modeling approaches …

Post-treatment drinking water is far from sterile, so microbial regrowth occurs, and the
distribution pipes behave like a dynamic ecological niche for microbes. Unwarranted …

Emerging contaminants (ECs) are natural or manufactured chemical compounds that are
hard to remove through water treatment; hence, they accumulate in the environment. Such …

Ensuring consistent and high-level water quality is paramount for water utilities to meet
health requirements and attain customer satisfaction. To this end, water utilities need to …