The innate immune system is the first line of defense against pathogens, which is initiated by
the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and endogenous …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are transmembrane pattern recognition receptors that are best
known for their roles in innate immunity for the detection of and defense against microbial …

The study of molluscan immune systems, in particular those of bivalve molluscs (eg, clams,
oysters, scallops, mussels), has experienced great growth in recent decades, mainly due to …

Human schistosomes combat the unique immune systems of two vastly different hosts
during their indirect life cycles. In gastropod molluscs, they face a potent innate immune …

Molluscs are among the most ancient, diverse, and important of all animal taxa. Even so, no
individual mollusc species has emerged as a broadly applied model system in biology. We …

Schistosomiasis is one of the world's most devastating parasitic diseases, afflicting 251
million people globally. The Neotropical snail Biomphalaria glabrata is an important …

The trematodes that cause schistosomiasis in humans require aquatic snails as intermediate
hosts. Identifying the genes in snails at which allelic variation controls resistance to infection …

Background The tropical liver fluke, Fasciola gigantica causes fasciolosis, an important
disease of humans and livestock. We characterized dynamic transcriptional changes …

The freshwater snail, Biomphalaria glabrata, is an important intermediate host in the life
cycle for the human parasite Schistosoma mansoni, the causative agent of schistosomiasis …

Immune factors in snails of the genus Biomphalaria are critical for combating Schistosoma
mansoni, the predominant cause of human intestinal schistosomiasis. Independently, many …