Codon usage bias is the preferential or non-random use of synonymous codons, a
ubiquitous phenomenon observed in bacteria, plants and animals. Different species have …

In addition to the main, protein-coding, open reading frame (mORF), many eukaryotic
mRNAs contain upstream ORFs (uORFs) initiated at AUG or near-cognate codons residing …

The expanding catalog of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) provides biological
insights across a variety of species, but identifying the causal variants behind these …

Abstract Design of de novo synthetic regulatory DNA is a promising avenue to control gene
expression in biotechnology and medicine. Using mutagenesis typically requires screening …

Understanding the genetic regulatory code governing gene expression is an important
challenge in molecular biology. However, how individual coding and non-coding regions of …

Therapeutic T cells with desired specificity can be engineered by introducing T-cell
receptors (TCRs) specific for antigens of interest, such as those from pathogens or tumour …

Viral protein synthesis is completely dependent upon the translational machinery of the host
cell. However, many RNA virus transcripts have marked structural differences from cellular …

Our ability to predict protein expression from DNA sequence alone remains poor, reflecting
our limited understanding of cis-regulatory grammar and hampering the design of …

Abstract Development of strains for efficient production of chemicals and pharmaceuticals
requires multiple rounds of genetic engineering. In this study, we describe construction and …

Translation is a crucial step in gene expression and plays a vital role in regulating various
aspects of plant development and environmental responses. It is a dynamic and complex …