Evolvability is the ability of a biological system to produce phenotypic variation that is both
heritable and adaptive. It has long been the subject of anecdotal observations and …

Robustness is a ubiquitously observed property of biological systems. It is considered to be
a fundamental feature of complex evolvable systems. It is attained by several underlying …

A genome-scale genetic interaction map was constructed by examining 5.4 million gene-
gene pairs for synthetic genetic interactions, generating quantitative genetic interaction …

Epistasis, or interactions between genes, has long been recognized as fundamentally
important to understanding the structure and function of genetic pathways and the …

To understand complex biological systems requires the integration of experimental and
computational research—in other words a systems biology approach. Computational …

Adaptation to a sudden extreme change in environment, beyond the usual range of
background environmental fluctuations, is analysed using a quantitative genetic model of …

The past several years have seen novel insights at the interface of protein biophysics and
evolution. The accepted paradigm that proteins can tolerate nearly any amino acid …

Evolvability—the capacity to generate beneficial heritable variation—is a central property of
biological systems. However, its origins and modulation by environmental factors have not …

Robustness is characterized by the invariant expression of a phenotype in the face of a
genetic and/or environmental perturbation. Although phenotypic variance is a central …

Standard virulence evolution theory assumes that virulence factors are maintained because
they aid parasitic exploitation, increasing growth within and/or transmission between hosts …