Macrophages exist in various tissues, several body cavities, and around mucosal surfaces
and are a vital part of the innate immune system for host defense against many pathogens …

The clinical responses observed following treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors
(ICIs) support immunotherapy as a potential anticancer treatment. However, a large …

Given that hypoxia is a persistent physiological feature of many different solid tumors and a
key driver for cancer malignancy, it is thought to be a major target in cancer treatment …

Breast cancer heterogeneity determines cancer progression, treatment effects, and
prognosis. However, the precise mechanism for this heterogeneity remains unknown owing …

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), a highly aggressive subtype of breast cancer,
negatively expresses estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and the human epidermal …

Characterized by the expression of the critical transcription factor forkhead box protein P3,
regulatory T (Treg) cells are an essential part of the immune system, with a dual effect on the …

Immunotherapies have revolutionized the treatment paradigms of various types of cancers.
However, most of these immunomodulatory strategies focus on harnessing adaptive …

Cancers are a group of heterogeneous diseases characterized by the acquisition of
functional capabilities during the transition from a normal to a neoplastic state. Powerful …

Tumor hypoxia resulting from abnormal and dysfunctional tumor vascular network poses a
substantial obstacle to immunotherapy. In fact, hypoxia creates an immunosuppressive …

Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) are clonal
hematopoietic stem cell diseases arising from the bone marrow (BM), and approximately …