Marine foundation species are the biotic basis for many of the world's coastal ecosystems,
providing structural habitat, food, and protection for myriad plants and animals as well as …

Climate change is increasing the threat of erosion and flooding along coastlines globally.
Engineering solutions (eg seawalls and breakwaters) in response to protecting coastal …

The sprawl of marine construction is one of the most extreme human modifications to global
seascapes. Nevertheless, its global extent remains largely unquantified compared to that on …

Offshore wind farms (OWFs) are proliferating globally. The submerged parts of their
structures act as artificial reefs, providing new habitats and likely affecting fisheries …

The growing number of artificial structures in estuarine, coastal and marine environments is
causing “ocean sprawl”. Artificial structures do not only modify marine and coastal …

Over recent years, many coastal engineering projects have employed the use of soft
solutions as these are generally less environmentally damaging than hard solutions …

Human population density within 100 km of the sea is approximately three times higher than
the global average. People in this zone are concentrated in coastal cities that are hubs for …

Urban and periurban ocean developments impact 1.5% of the global exclusive economic
zones, and the demand for ocean space and resources is increasing. As we strive for a more …

Along urbanised coastlines, urban infrastructure is increasingly becoming the dominant
habitat. These structures are often poor surrogates for natural habitats, and a diversity of eco …

Around the world, coastal urbanization continues to replace natural marine habitats with
engineered structures, resulting in wholesale changes to shallow-water ecosystems and …