Organisms of all domains of life use photoreceptor proteins to sense and respond to light.
The light-sensitivity of photoreceptor proteins arises from bound chromophores such as …

Infrared difference spectroscopy probes vibrational changes of proteins upon their
perturbation. Compared with other spectroscopic methods, it stands out by its sensitivity to …

ChRmine, a recently discovered pump-like cation-conducting channelrhodopsin, exhibits
puzzling properties (large photocurrents, red-shifted spectrum, and extreme light sensitivity) …

Chloride transport by microbial rhodopsins is an essential process for which molecular
details such as the mechanisms that convert light energy to drive ion pum** and ensure …

Light-driven sodium pumps actively transport small cations across cellular membranes.
These pumps are used by microorganisms to convert light into membrane potential and …

Microbial rhodopsins are a family of photoactive retinylidene proteins widespread
throughout the microbial world. They are notable for their diversity of function, using …

The field of optogenetics uses channelrhodopsins (ChRs) for light-induced neuronal
activation. However, optimized tools for cellular inhibition at moderate light levels are …

INTRODUCTION Ion channels are integral membrane proteins that upon stimulation
modulate the flow of ions across the cell or organelle membrane. The resulting electrical …

Channelrhodopsins (ChRs) are directly light-gated ion channels that function as sensory
photoreceptors in flagellated green algae, allowing these algae to identify optimal light …

Channelrhodopsins (ChRs) are microbial light-gated ion channels utilized in optogenetics to
control neural activity with light. Light absorption causes retinal chromophore isomerization …