The mammalian stress-activated families of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs)
were first elucidated in 1994, and by 2001, substantial progress had been made in …

Cells in the renal inner medulla are normally exposed to extraordinarily high levels of NaCl
and urea. The osmotic stress causes numerous perturbations because of the hypertonic …

By gating the traffic of molecules and cells across the vessel wall, endothelial cells play a
central role in regulating cardiovascular functions and systemic homeostasis and in …

Rapid recognition and signal transduction of mechanical wounding through various
signaling molecules, including calcium (Ca 2+), protein phosphorylation, and reactive …

In addition to caspase inhibition, X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP) induces NF-κB and
MAP kinase activation during TGF-b and BMP receptor signaling and upon overexpression …

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is the first key hormone of reproduction. GnRH
analogs are extensively used in in vitro fertilization, and treatment of sex hormone …

Autophagy, a lysosomal degradation pathway, is essential for homeostasis, development,
neurological diseases, and cancer. Regulation of autophagy in human disease is not well …

Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) are intracellular signaling molecules involved in
cytokine synthesis. Several classes of mammalian MAPK have been identified, including …

Stringent control of NF-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling is critical
during innate immune responses. TGF-β activated kinase-1 (TAK1) is essential for NF-κB …

The endothelial isoform of nitric-oxide synthase (eNOS), a key determinant of vascular
homeostasis, is a calcium/calmodulin-dependent phosphoprotein regulated by diverse cell …