The defining characteristics of ENSO extremes and the strong 2015/2016 El Niño

A Santoso, MJ Mcphaden, W Cai - Reviews of Geophysics, 2017 - Wiley Online Library
The year 2015 was special for climate scientists, particularly for the El Niño Southern
Oscillation (ENSO) research community, as a major El Niño finally materialized after a long …

Strong influence of westerly wind bursts on El Niño diversity

D Chen, T Lian, C Fu, MA Cane, Y Tang… - Nature …, 2015 - nature.com
Despite the tremendous progress in the theory, observation and prediction of El Niño over
the past three decades, the classification of El Niño diversity and the genesis of such …

Higher frequency of Central Pacific El Niño events in recent decades relative to past centuries

MB Freund, BJ Henley, DJ Karoly, HV McGregor… - Nature …, 2019 - nature.com
El Niño events differ substantially in their spatial pattern and intensity. Canonical Eastern
Pacific El Niño events have sea surface temperature anomalies that are strongest in the far …

Playing hide and seek with El Niño

MJ McPhaden - Nature Climate Change, 2015 - nature.com
A much-anticipated'monster'El Niño failed to materialize in 2014, whereas an unforeseen
strong El Niño is develo** in 2015. El Niño continues to surprise us, despite decades of …

Deep-reaching acceleration of global mean ocean circulation over the past two decades

S Hu, J Sprintall, C Guan, MJ McPhaden, F Wang… - Science …, 2020 - science.org
Ocean circulation redistributes Earth's energy and water masses and influences global
climate. Under historical greenhouse warming, regional ocean currents show diverse …

The extreme El Niño of 2015–2016 and the end of global warming hiatus

S Hu, AV Fedorov - Geophysical Research Letters, 2017 - Wiley Online Library
Slower rates of increase in global mean surface temperature (GMST) after 2000, dubbed
“global warming hiatus,” recently gave way to a rapid temperature rise. This rise coincided …

How the July 2014 easterly wind burst gave the 2015–2016 El Niño a head start

AFZ Levine, MJ McPhaden - Geophysical research letters, 2016 - Wiley Online Library
Following strong westerly wind bursts in boreal winter and spring of 2014, both the scientific
community and the popular press were abuzz with the possibility of a major El Niño …

Exceptionally strong easterly wind burst stalling El Niño of 2014

S Hu, AV Fedorov - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2016 - pnas.org
Intraseasonal wind bursts in the tropical Pacific are believed to affect the evolution and
diversity of El Niño events. In particular, the occurrence of two strong westerly wind bursts …

Formation mechanism for 2015/16 super El Niño

L Chen, T Li, B Wang, L Wang - Scientific reports, 2017 - nature.com
Abstract The extreme El Niño (EN) events in 1997/98 and 1982/83, referred to as super EN,
exerted remarkable global influence. A super EN was anticipated on the way in early 2014 …