Proline is a multifunctional amino acid that is accumulated in high concentrations in plants
under various stress conditions. Proline accumulation is intimately connected to many …

Heavy metals is a collective term describing metals and metalloids with a density higher
than 5 g/cm3. Some of them are essential micronutrients; others do not play a positive role in …

The plant hormone ABA (abscisic acid) plays an extremely important role in plant growth
and adaptive stress, including but are not limited to seed germination, stomatal closure …

Heavy metal (HM) contamination of water bodies is a serious global environmental problem.
Because they are not biodegradable, they can accumulate in food chains, causing various …

Environmental contamination with arsenic (As) is a global environmental, agricultural and
health issue due to the highly toxic and carcinogenic nature of As. Exposure of plants to As …

Heavy metal toxicity is one of the most devastating abiotic stresses. Heavy metals cause
serious damage to plant growth and productivity, which is a major problem for sustainable …

Arsenic (As) is a highly toxic contaminant in the environment. Although both inorganic and
organic types of arsenic exist in the environment, the most common inorganic forms of As …

Sustainable environmental management is one of the important aspects of sustainable
development goals. Increasing amounts of wastewaters (WW) from exponential economic …

Cadmium (Cd) is one of the most toxic metals in the environment, and has noxious effects on
plant growth and production. Cd-accumulating plants showed reduced growth and …

Background In response to various environmental stresses, many plant species synthesize L-
proline in the cytosol and accumulates in the chloroplasts. L-Proline accumulation in plants …