Increased conservation action to protect more habitat and species is fueling a vigorous
debate about the relative effectiveness of different sorts of protected areas. Here we review …

Abstract Background Protected areas (PAs) have become one of the most important
instruments to preserve nature and, when effective, can significantly reduce human pressure …

Protected areas (PAs) play a key role in mitigating ecological crises. Currently, priority
protected areas (PPAs) focus on biological conservation, and a few studies have considered …

The urgency of interconnected social-ecological dilemmas such as rapid biodiversity loss,
habitat loss and fragmentation, and the escalating climate crisis have led to increased calls …

Abstract Ecological Conservation Redline (ECR) is a national strategy of ecological
conservation required by Territorial Spatial Planning in China. Previous studies mainly …

Effectiveness of protected areas (EPA) evaluation has been used to measure the
effectiveness of existing protected areas (PAs) and to identify prioritized and inefficient PAs …

Protected areas are central in strategies to conserve biodiversity. Effective area-based
conservation relies on biodiversity data, but the current biodiversity knowledge base is …

Ecological security patterns (ESPs) provide an effective spatial approach for identifying
critical conservation areas and ensuring regional ecological security. However, prior …

Protected areas are widely recognized as crucial for biodiversity conservation and
ecosystem service maintenance. In recent decades, countries worldwide have made great …

In the face of biodiversity loss, it is crucial to broaden the arguments for conservation of
protected areas by acknowledging diverse values of nature. We systematically reviewed …