El Niño events are characterized by surface warming of the tropical Pacific Ocean and
weakening of equatorial trade winds that occur every few years. Such conditions are …

The year 2015 was special for climate scientists, particularly for the El Niño Southern
Oscillation (ENSO) research community, as a major El Niño finally materialized after a long …

While climate change mitigation targets necessarily concern maximum mean state changes,
understanding impacts and develo** adaptation strategies will be largely contingent on …

Heavy monsoon rainfall ravaged a large swath of East Asia in summer 2020. Severe
flooding of the Yangtze River displaced millions of residents in the midst of a historic public …

ENSO induces coherent climate anomalies over the Indo-western Pacific, but these
anomalies outlast SST anomalies of the equatorial Pacific by a season, with major effects on …

Coastal zones are fragile and complex dynamical systems that are increasingly under threat
from the combined effects of anthropogenic pressure and climate change. Using global …

Summary The El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) causes climatic fluctuations in the tropics
and extratropics via atmospheric teleconnections. The anomalous Pacific sea surface …

Extensive research has improved our understanding and forecast of the occurrence,
evolution and global impacts of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). However, ENSO …

Here we show that the characteristics of the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), such as its power
spectrum and phase relationship with the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), can be …

Future changes in the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) are uncertain, both because
future projections differ between climate models and because the large internal variability of …