Inwardly rectifying K+ (Kir) channels allow K+ to move more easily into rather than out of the
cell. They have diverse physiological functions depending on their type and their location …

“Receptors recognize a distinct chemical entity and translate information from that entity into
a form that the cell can read to alter its state”(Kenakin et al., 1992). Even though the …

The adenosine modulation system mostly operates through inhibitory A1 (A1R) and
facilitatory A2A receptors (A2AR) in the brain. The activity‐dependent release of adenosine …

Axons are generally considered as reliable transmission cables in which stable propagation
occurs once an action potential is generated. Axon dysfunction occupies a central position in …

A. Cellular and Subcellular Localization B. Pharmacological Tools to Study Adenosine
Receptors C. Signaling Via Adenosine Receptors D. Regulation of Receptor Expression and …

To study the role of G protein-coupled, inwardly rectifying K+(GIRK) channels in mediating
neurotransmitter actions in hippocampal neurons, we have examined slices from transgenic …

Of the known biochemical actions of caffeine, only inhibition of adenosine receptors occurs
at concentrations achieved during normal human consumption of the drug. Under normal …

Adenosine exerts two parallel modulatory roles in the CNS, acting as a homeostatic
modulator and also as a neuromodulator at the synaptic level. We will present evidence to …

This review covers recent developments in the cellular neurophysiology of retrograde
signaling in the mammalian central nervous system. Normally at a chemical synapse a …

Adenosine is a neuromodulator that operates via the most abundant inhibitory adenosine A
1 receptors (A 1 Rs) and the less abundant, but widespread, facilitatory A 2A Rs. It is …