Mitochondria, with their intricate networks of functions and information processing, are
pivotal in both health regulation and disease progression. Particularly, mitochondrial …

Mitochondria are well known as organelles responsible for the maintenance of cellular
bioenergetics through the production of ATP. Although oxidative phosphorylation may be …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are bioproducts of cellular metabolism. There is a range of
molecules with oxidizing properties known as ROS. Despite those molecules being implied …

Enormous progress has been made in the last half-century in the management of diseases
closely integrated with excess body weight, such as hypertension, adult-onset diabetes and …

The mitochondrial electron transport chain utilizes a series of electron transfer reactions to
generate cellular ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. A consequence of electron …

Oxidative stress, a cytopathic outcome of excessive generation of ROS and the repression of
antioxidant defense system for ROS elimination, is involved in the pathogenesis of multiple …

Overweight and obesity are characterized by excessive fat mass accumulation produced
when energy intake exceeds energy expenditure. One plausible way to control energy …

Oxidative stress (OxS) is considered a major factor in the pathophysiology of inflammatory
chronic liver diseases, including non-alcoholic liver disease (NAFLD). Chronic impairment of …

Futile cycles are biological phenomena where two opposing biochemical reactions run
simultaneously, resulting in a net energy loss without appreciable productivity. Such a state …

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease characterized by chronic hyperglycaemia,
with absolute insulin deficiency or insulin resistance as the main cause, and causes damage …