Interaction of the T cell receptor (TCR) with an MHC-antigenic peptide complex results in
changes at the molecular and cellular levels in T cells. The outside environmental cues are …

Guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) and GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs)
regulate the activity of small guanine nucleotide-binding (G) proteins to control cellular …

The guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) Son of Sevenless (SOS) is a key Ras
activator that is autoinhibited in the cytosol and activates upon membrane recruitment …

The aberrant activity of Ras homologous (Rho) family small GTPases (20 human members)
has been implicated in cancer and other human diseases. However, in contrast to the direct …

T cell activation potently stimulates cellular metabolism to support the elevated energetic
and biosynthetic demands of growth, proliferation, and effector function. We show that …

The ability of naive T cells to clonally expand and acquire effector functions depends on the
strength of signals received by the T-cell receptor (TCR) and by an array of co-stimulatory …

Twenty years of investigation have yielded a detailed view of the signalling machinery
engaged by T-cell receptors (TCRs). Many of the fundamental insights into TCR signalling …

Abstract Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) regulate numerous biological processes,
including cell growth, differentiation, survival, proliferation, migration and metabolism. In the …

Rho/Rac proteins constitute a subgroup of the Ras superfamily of GTP hydrolases. Although
originally implicated in the control of cytoskeletal events, it is currently known that these …

Recent evidence indicates that B cells are instructed continuously by B-cell receptor (BCR)
signals to make crucial cell-fate decisions at several checkpoints during their development …