Observed Arctic sea ice losses are a sentinel of anthropogenic climate change. These
reductions are projected to continue with ongoing warming, ultimately leading to an ice-free …

Sea ice in the Arctic is one of the most rapidly changing components of the global climate
system. Over the past few decades, summer areal extent has declined over 30%, and all …

This chapter assesses the state of physical, biological and social knowledge concerning the
Arctic and Antarctic ocean and cryosphere, how they are affected by climate change, and …

Abstract An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5 C above pre-
industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of …

The Arctic region has warmed nearly four times faster than the global average since 1979,
with far-reaching global implications. However, model projections of Arctic warming rates …

The past decade has seen substantial advances in understanding Arctic amplification—that
trends and variability in surface air temperature tend to be larger in the Arctic region than for …

The development of a generalised framework for assessing bridge life-cycle performance
and cost, with emphasis on analysis, prediction, optimisation and decision-making under …

The Arctic is warming more rapidly than other region on the planet, and the northern Barents
Sea, including the Svalbard Archipelago, is experiencing the fastest temperature increases …

Arctic sea ice is declining at an increasing rate with potentially important repercussions. To
understand better the atmospheric changes that may have occurred in response to Arctic …

Global warming in ocean ecosystems alters temperature, acidification, oxygen content,
circulation, stratification, and nutrient inputs. Microorganisms play a dominant role in global …