Rewards are crucial objects that induce learning, approach behavior, choices, and
emotions. Whereas emotions are difficult to investigate in animals, the learning function is …

This article reviews the behavioral neuroscience of extinction, the phenomenon in which a
behavior that has been acquired through Pavlovian or instrumental (operant) learning …

Learning to predict rewards based on environmental cues is essential for survival. It is
believed that animals learn to predict rewards by updating predictions whenever the …

Reason, we are told, is what makes us human, the source of our knowledge and wisdom. If
reason is so useful, why didn't it also evolve in other animals? If reason is that reliable, why …

Exposure therapy is an effective approach for treating anxiety disorders, although a
substantial number of individuals fail to benefit or experience a return of fear after treatment …

A work that reveals the profound links between the evolution, acquisition, and processing of
language, and proposes a new integrative framework for the language sciences. Language …

“A rigorous, in-depth guide to the history, philosophy, and scientific exploration of this
widespread emotional state...[LeDoux] offers a magisterial review of the role of mind and …

The mechanism of memory remains one of the great unsolved problems of biology.
Grappling with the question more than a hundred years ago, the German zoologist Richard …

Midbrain dopamine neurons are well known for their strong responses to rewards and their
critical role in positive motivation. It has become increasingly clear, however, that dopamine …

Prospection (Gilbert & Wilson, 2007), the representation of possible futures, is a ubiquitous
feature of the human mind. Much psychological theory and practice, in contrast, has …