The discrete element method (DEM) has been confirmed as an effective numerical method
for modelling railway ballast, and successfully used to analyse a wide range of ballast …

Railway ballast performance is dictated by a complex mix of mechanical properties. These
effect its performance at the particle level for example in terms of particle degradation, but …

Principal stress rotation induced by moving loads from trains significantly influences railway
track settlement accumulation. The stationary cyclic loading commonly adopted to study …

This paper presents the discrete element modeling of the dynamic response of a ballasted
track under moving loads. The DEM model, consisting of sleepers, ballast, and sub-ballast …

Geogrid–soil interaction is a key issue to describe geogrid reinforcement mechanisms. In
order to investigate the geogrid–soil interface behaviour, both experimental and numerical …

A series of numerically triaxial shear tests on crushable and uncrushable granular soils
reinforced by geogrid were conducted using 3-Dimension Particle Flow Code. The …

The degradation and deformation of ballast critically affect the track geometry, safety, and
passenger comfort. The increase in axle loads and train speed increases the stress applied …

The violent vibration and excessive settlement of trackbeds under high-speed train moving
loads are the main problems of ballasted tracks encountered in practice, which limits the rise …

The use of flexible membrane boundaries in simulations of ballast triaxial tests with the
discrete element method (DEM) has become increasingly popular, due to the benefits of …

While many studies focused on both new and fouled ballast behavior due to contamination
by external fouling agents, far fewer studies have focused on the mechanical breakdown of …