Heavily cratered surfaces on the Moon, Mars, and Mercury show that the terrestrial planets
were battered by an intense bombardment during their first billion years or more, but the …

Alkaline igneous complexes host deposits of rare earth elements (REE), which represent
one of the most economically important resources of heavy REE and Yttrium (Y). The hosts …

A planet's crust bears witness to the history of planetary formation and evolution, but for
Mars, no absolute measurement of crustal thickness has been available. Here, we …

The first samples collected by the Mars 2020 mission represent units exposed on the Jezero
Crater floor, from the potentially oldest Séítah formation outcrops to the potentially youngest …

Geological evidence shows that ancient Mars had large volumes of liquid water. Models of
past hydrogen escape to space, calibrated with observations of the current escape rate …

Martian meteorites are the only direct samples from Mars, thus far. Currently, there are a total
of 262 individual samples originating from at least 11 ejection events. Geochemical …

Understanding of the geologic evolution of Mars has been greatly improved by recent
orbital,,, in situ, and meteorite,, data, but insights into the earliest period of Martian …

The formation of a primordial crust is a critical step in the evolution of terrestrial planets but
the timing of this process is poorly understood. The mineral zircon is a powerful tool for …

Early Mars climate research has well-defined goals (MEPAG 2018). Achieving these goals
requires geologists and climate modelers to coordinate. Coordination is easier if results are …

Return of samples from the surface of Mars has been a goal of the international Mars
science community for many years. Affirmation by NASA and ESA of the importance of Mars …