Most individuals adjust their caffeine intake according to the objective and subjective effects
induced by the methylxanthine. However, to reach the desired effects, the quantity of …

Caffeine use is increasing worldwide. The underlying motivations are mainly concentration
and memory enhancement and physical performance improvement. Coffee and caffeine …

Salivary cortisol measures are increasingly being incorporated into large-scale, population-
based, or epidemiological research, in which participants are selected to be representative …

Stress and stress-related health impairments are major problems in human life and
elucidating the biological pathways linking stress and disease is of substantial importance …

Stress is viewed as a state of real or perceived threat to homeostasis, the management of
which involves the endocrine, nervous, and immune systems. These systems work …

Migraine can be regarded as a conserved, adaptive response that occurs in genetically
predisposed individuals with a mismatch between the brain's energy reserve and workload …

Salivary cortisol (sCort) and salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) constitute proxy measures of the
two major stress response systems, ie the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the …

Caffeine is one of the most widely consumed psychoactive substances and it has profound
effects on sleep and wake function. Laboratory studies have documented its sleep-disruptive …

In attempts to understand the social determinants of health, strong associations have been
found between measures of loneliness, physiological stress processes, and physical and …

The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis and its end product, cortisol, are
thought to be important mediators of the relationship between stressful life experiences and …