Physiological and ecological constraints play key roles in the evolution of plant growth
patterns, especially in relation to defenses against herbivores. Phenotypic and life history …

The measurement of fitness is critical to biological research. Although the determination of
fitness for some organisms may be relatively straightforward under controlled conditions, it is …

FOREST STAND DYNAMICS Page 1 FOREST STAND DYNAMICS UPDATE EDITION Chadwick
D. Oliver Professor of Silviculture College of Forest Resources University of Washington Bruce …

Forest managers need a comprehensive scientific understanding of natural stand
development processes when designing silvicultural systems that integrate ecological and …

Pyrophytic oak landscapes across the central and eastern United States are losing
dominance as shade-tolerant, fire-sensitive, or opportunistic tree species encroach into …

Jerry F. Franklin, HH Shugart, and Mark E. Harmon ree death is so commonplace that the
casual observer might logically assume it to be well understood by biologists. Some causes …

3 ignificant areas deforested for agriculture or cattle farming in the wet tropics are
subsequently abandoned sometimes immediately. These are recolonized by vegetation and …

Rates of change in tree communities following major disturbances are determined by a
complex set of interactions between local site factors, landscape history and structure …

The state of ecosystems, biological communities and species are continuously changing as
a result of both natural processes and the activities of humans. In order to detect and …

During the 20th century, high mortality rates of Scots pine (Pinus silvestris L.) have been
observed over large areas in the Rhône valley (Valais, Switzerland) and in other dry valleys …