T lymphocytes (T cells) are divided into two functionally different subgroups the CD4+ T
helper cells (Th) and the CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). Adequate CD4 and CD8 T …

PI3Ks regulate several key events in the inflammatory response to damage and infection.
There are four Class I PI3K isoforms (PI3Kα, β, γ, δ), three Class II PI3K isoforms (PI3KC2α …

Current limitations in using chimeric antigen receptor T (CART) cells to treat patients with
hematological cancers include limited expansion and persistence in vivo that contribute to …

Adaptive immunity requires the expansion of high-affinity lymphocytes from a
heterogeneous pool. Whereas current models explain this through signal transduction, we …

Sjogren's syndrome: An update on disease pathogenesis, clinical manifestations and treatment
Sjogren's syndrome: An update on disease pathogenesis, clinical manifestations and treatment …

Abstract The PI3K/AKT signaling pathway is an essential node in mammalian cells that
controls cell growth, migration, proliferation, and metabolism. During the last decade, a …

At least 468 individual genes have been manipulated by molecular methods to study their
effects on the initiation, promotion, and progression of atherosclerosis. Most clinicians and …

T‐cell activation is mediated by antigen‐specific signals from the TCRζ/CD3 and CD4–CD8–
p56lck complexes in combination with additional co‐signals provided by coreceptors such …

Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) control many important aspects of immune cell
development, differentiation, and function. Mammals have eight PI3K catalytic subunits that …

The incidence of lymphoma has gradually increased over previous decades, and it ranks
among the ten most prevalent cancers worldwide. With the development of targeted …