Abstract Changes in the Arctic atmosphere, cryosphere and Ocean are drastically altering
the dynamics of phytoplankton, the base of marine ecosystems. This Review addresses four …

Mechanisms of Arctic amplification and Arctic climate change are difficult to pinpoint, and
current climate models do not represent the complex local processes and feedbacks at play …

This chapter assesses the state of physical, biological and social knowledge concerning the
Arctic and Antarctic ocean and cryosphere, how they are affected by climate change, and …

The polar regions, notably the Arctic and maritime Antarctic, are experiencing impacts from
climate change at magnitudes and rates that are among the highest in the world, and will …

In recent decades, the land-ocean aquatic continuum, commonly defined as the interface, or
transition zone, between terrestrial ecosystems and the open ocean, has undergone …

Freshwater discharge from glaciers is increasing across the Arctic in response to
anthropogenic climate change, which raises questions about the potential downstream …

The cycling of carbon on Earth exerts a fundamental influence upon the greenhouse gas
content of the atmosphere, and hence global climate over millennia. Until recently, ice …

The melting of the Greenland Ice Sheet is accelerating, with glaciers shifting from marine to
land termination and potential consequences for fjord ecosystems downstream. Monthly …

Abstract Runoff from the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) is thought to enhance marine
productivity by adding bioessential iron and silicic acid to coastal waters. However …

Arctic Ocean primary productivity is limited by light and inorganic nutrients. With sea ice
cover declining in recent decades, nitrate limitation has been speculated to become more …