Fear memory is the best-studied form of memory. It was thoroughly investigated in the past
60 years mostly using two classical conditioning procedures (contextual fear conditioning …

Lynch, MA. Long-Term Potentiation and Memory. Physiol Rev 84: 87–136, 2004;
10.1152/physrev. 00014.2003.—One of the most significant challenges in neuroscience is to …

Years of intensive investigation have yielded a sophisticated understanding of long-term
potentiation (LTP) induced in hippocampal area CA1 by high-frequency stimulation (HFS) …

Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) is a key protein kinase in neural
plasticity and memory, as have been shown in several studies since the first evidence in …

The contribution of glutamate to synaptic transmission, plasticity and development is well
established; current evidence is based on diverse approaches to decipher function and …

In the adult mammalian brain, more than 250 protein kinases are expressed, but only a few
of these kinases are currently known to enable learning and memory. Based on this …

To understand cognition, it is important to understand how a learned response becomes a
long-lasting memory. This process of memory consolidation has been modeled extensively …

The age of an experimental animal can be a critical variable, yet age matters are often
overlooked within neuroscience. Many studies make use of young animals, without …

The effects of lead (Pb2+) on human health have been recognized since antiquity. However,
it was not until the 1970s that seminal epidemiological studies provided evidence on the …

Abstract Information storage in the brain is a temporally graded process involving different
memory types or phases. It has been assumed for over a century that one or more short …